If you live in a period property, it's important to understand how the building works and how the moisture is managed. The walls of your heritage house need to be able to 'breathe', in other words, be able to dry out when they get wet. It is one of the keys to avoiding dampness and decay.
Before about 1919, houses were built using weak and porous mortars, plasters and renders. A process of absorption and evaporation made it possible for old buildings to deal with moisture. When it rained, moisture was absorbed but could easily evaporate due to the porous nature of the walls. Indoor moisture from cooking and bathing could also easily evaporate through the walls. This process was helped by the use of open fires.
It's very easy for this delicate balance to be upset by introducing modern cement based renders and mortars, 'plastic' paints and waterproof sealants. These modern products will trap the moisture, causing damp and rot.
Historically, the internal walls in traditional vernacular buildings usually consisted of stud partition construction which were made of wood stud framing with laths nailed across to form a base for the plaster coat.
A thick application of plaster was applied to the interior cottage walls. The plaster consisted of clay and animal hair with some lime to bind it together. The ingredients would have varied according to the locally available materials. Sometimes chopped straw or reeds were also used.
If the walls and ceilings of your period house have been re-plastered with modern materials, or if you have damp walls, it might be worth thinking about replacing the modern materials with a 'breathable' product such as lime or clay plaster.
Clayworks in Cornwall manufactures breathable clay plaster finishes for internal walls and ceilings. Amongst the most sustainable wall finishes available, they are recyclable, compostable and contain no toxic ingredients, VOC's or synthetics.
Below are examples of clay plaster finishes from Clayworks.
From left to right:
Pigmented Rustic Top Coat without straw, Smooth Pigmented Top Coat without mica and Demi-Rustic Smooth Top Coat.
Of course, there is little point in going to the trouble of applying a natural plaster and then using a vinyl emulsion paint for decoration. This will simply seal in the moisture and lead to damp, damage and decay.
Using renewable raw materials such as beeswax, linseed oil, earth and mineral pigments, Edward Bulmer Natural Paint is an artisan business producing 100% natural paints. All of their raw materials are responsibly sourced and almost all are organic.
In a world with such a variety of traditional paints with 'eco' labels, Edward Bulmer Natural Paint is unique as they declare all their ingredients.
Generally, old buildings will function well as long as they are allowed to work as they were intended to. Traditionally, lime based mortars and renders and lime-wash finishes were applied in order to allow the building to ‘breathe’. Where impermeable, modern materials have been used within your period home and you're experiencing problems, take a look at the links below and consult a professional..
Please note that this post isn't sponsored in any way.
Valuable links and further reading:
Clayworks
Clay Plaster overview by Neil May
Cornish Lime
Dealing with damp in heritage homes
Heritage Lime Plaster
Natural Paint
For independent advice contact The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings